Protection lighting of aircraft Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Protection lighting of aircraft - Thesis Example Despite these major advancements in knowledge, a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) study for the 5 year period from 2007 to 2011, says that on average 22,600 fires are caused in the US by lightning each year. In addition to property damage of $ 451 million, these fires cause on average 9 deaths, 53 serious injuries (Ahrens). Lightning protection measures do not prevent lightning strikes but help reduce damage caused by them. Dr. Richard Kithil, the President of the National Lightning Safety Institute is quoted on their website as saying, â€Å"Lightning is a capricious, random and unpredictable event. Its physical effects include current levels sometimes in excess of 400 kA, temperatures up to 50,000 degrees F and speeds approaching one-third the speed of light. Globally some 2000 on-going thunderstorms cause about 100 lightning strikes to earth each second. Lightning prevention or protection in an absolute sense is impossible. A diminution of its consequences together with incremental safety improvements is all that is possible† (Kithil). Most parts of the US experience 20 to 80 thunderstorm days in a year. Parts of South America and Africa have 100 to 200 thunderstorm days in a year. On a typical thunderstorm day, there could be as many as 10,000 lightning strikes to ground (NLSI Report). The Office of Emergency Management for New York City reports that the Empire State Building is struck by lightning on average 25 times a year and in one particular thunderstorm, it was hit 8 times in 24 minutes (OEM- NYC). The fact that the iconic building remains undamaged by these lightning strikes shows that well designed and applied lightning protection measures serve to minimize the risk of damage due to lightning strikes. 1.3) Airplanes fly in close proximity to thunderclouds and should be vulnerable to lightning strikes. Some 19,500 commercial aircraft are estimated to be

Terms and Conditions of Sale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Terms and Conditions of Sale - Essay Example However, the seller provides that the goods will be of good quality and for the specific purpose and as he is liable to that extent if the goods delivered are not of good quality2. It is an implied term under the Sale of Goods Act section 13 and 14 that goods purchased will always be of quality that is satisfactory to the purchaser and the ultimate consumer3. If this is not met, the purchaser has a right to seek remedies from the seller. However the usual wear and tear of a commodity or good does not in any way affect the quality of goods and as such, the purchaser cannot recover from the seller for this reason4. Tippy Toes allege that the veckle was coming off pre-maturely but at the same time, this could be another event of wear and tear. It is upon Tippy Toes Limited to prove that this was premature and did not in any way fall under the category of normal wear and tear of those shoes for it to succeed against AOL. Property had already passed to Tippy Toes Limited and therefore, if there were any risks as per clause 7 of the contract, these were to be borne by it .Tippy Toes Limited paid all monies due to the Seller and the goods had already been delivered to it. They therefore are the bearers of any risks that may come along with regard to the goods5. Section 17 (1) of the Sale of Goods Act provides that the property passes when the parties to the contract intend for it to pass. This can be inferred from the terms of the contract. Clearly, the terms of the contract between Tippy Toes Limited and AOL provided for this. These were ascertained goods and once the property has passed, Tippy Toes Limited could not rescind the contract but only seek for loss and damages6. Under the AOL’s contract, where the buyer discovers any defect on the goods or where the goods do not correspond to their specification, the buyer has to notify the seller within 21 days of delivery of the goods. Alternatively, this can be done within a reasonable time after discovery of th e defect if the defect was not apparent on reasonable inspection. The complaint by Tippy Toes Ltd was made on the 25 April 2012; approximately 2 months after the goods had been delivered by AOL. This was past the 21 days period that was required of them to lodge the complaint. However, Tippy Toes Ltd can argue that the defect was not apparent on reasonable inspection since it involved the Velcro fastening coming away from the buckle prematurely and this could only be noted after use for a while. If it is found that the defect was found to have been used for, it has to be determined whether the complaint was made within a reasonable time. Reasonableness depends on the circumstances of each case and in most cases; the Courts in determining whether an action was done within a reasonable time, looks at the earliest time necessary and convenient to do that thing that ought to be done. In addition, the Court may look at the previous conduct between the parties, the customs and usage of a certain business and any other specific agreements or objectives that the parties ought to have achieved. The burden of proof is entirely on AOL to prove that Tippy Toes Limited did not present a complaint within a reasonable time and for this, they were not in a position to repay them as they had entered into other business liabilities. Similarly, under clause 8.4 of the Terms and conditions, the seller can only either replace the